Molecular analysis identified Rickettsia to be associated with the trait in this species of ladybird. This male-killer trait was maternally inherited and antibiotic treatment produced a full, heritable cure. japonica showed significantly female-biased sex ratios. ResultsĪ male-killer was detected in the Japanese coccinellid, Propylea japonica (Thunberg) a species not previously known to harbour male-killers. Together, phenotypic and molecular characterisation of male-killers will allow a deeper insight into the interactions between host and endosymbiont, which ultimately may lead to an understanding of how male-killers identify and kill male-hosts. Phylogenetic placement of male-killing bacteria will allow us to address the question of whether male-killing is a potential strategy for only some, or all, maternally inherited bacteria. In addition, by identifying the bacteria responsible we may find evidence for horizontal transfer between endosymbiont hosts and can gain insight into the evolutionary origins of male-killing. Molecular identification of bacteria and screening for bacterial presence provide us with a more accurate method than breeding data alone to link the presence of the bacteria to the male-killing phenotype. Whilst criteria of low egg hatch-rate and female-biased progenic sex ratio have been used to identify female hosts of male-killers, variation in vertical transmission efficiency and host genetic factors may result in variation in these phenotypic indicators of male-killer presence. Ladybirds have been described as a model system for the study of male-killing, which has been reported in multiple species from widespread geographic locations. To date all male-killers reported are bacterial in nature, but comprise a diverse group.
One such group of endosymbionts is the male-killers. (1998) and Moore, et al., 2014.Endosymbionts that manipulate the reproduction of their hosts have been reported widely in invertebrates. Structure: Colour photograph given by Lit et al.elusine given in parentheses): cerarii numbering 17 pairs (18 pairs) dorsum without oral collar tubular ducts (with oral collar tubular ducts) claw with a denticle (claw without a denticle) and ventral multilocular disc pores present as far forwards as metathorax (multilocular pores confined to venter of abdominal segments VI-IX). elusine (the two species of Coccidohystrix in the Oriental region) as follows (character states of C. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation Type data: INDIA: Bengal, Pusa, on Sida cordifolia. Valid Names Results Coccidohystrix insolita (Green, 1908)
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